Fig. 7: Retention ratios of bioactive components before and after spray drying with different wall materials (±SD).

a Total phenol retention ratio; b Total flavonoid retention ratio; c Total saponin retention ratio; and d Vitamin C retention ratio. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). NE nonencapsulated, SPI soybean protein isolate, LCC lecithin calcium caseinate, GA gum arabic, MD maltodextrin, and RS resistant starch.