Table 3 Descriptive statistics on the concentration of β-carotene, retinol, retinyl esters and vitamin A (RE and RAE) in milk samples of dairy cows and the effects of parity and the husbandry system

From: Vitamin A concentration in bovine liver and milk does not only depend on characteristics of the farming system

 

Statistics

Effects (p value; F test)

n

Mean

Median

SD

Min

Max

Parity

Husbandry

Interaction

β-Carotene

75

0.13

0.093

0.098

0.020

0.44

0.02

0.82

0.25

Retinol

78

0.006

0.004

0.006

0.001

0.023

<0.001

0.73

0.60

Retinyl palmitate

79

0.31

0.30

0.19

0.017

0.82

0.68

0.89

0.23

Retinyl stearate

78

0.011

0.009

0.0081

0.001

0.033

0.02

0.50

0.95

Retinyl oleate

79

0.11

0.094

0.075

0.011

0.33

0.59

0.95

0.18

RE

79

0.26 (0.87)

0.24 (0.80)

0.17 (0.54)

0.020 (0.066)

0.79 (2.6)

0.57

0.92

0.25

RAE

79

0.25 (0.83)

0.23 (0.77)

0.16 (0.52)

0.020 (0.060)

0.74 (2.5)

0.65

0.93

0.22

  1. Analytes are given as µg/mL, RE and RAE additionally as IU/mL milk (in brackets).
  2. RE retinol equivalent, RAE retinol activity equivalent, SD standard deviation.
Back to article page