Table 1 Demographic and dietary intakes of the participants
Variables/ Characteristic | MCI (n = 679) | Control (n = 1138) | Total (n = 1817) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 67.2 ± 6.8 | 65.8 ± 5.8 | 66.3 ± 6.2 | < 0.001 |
Gender, n (%) | ||||
Male | 240 (35.3) | 372 (32.7) | 612 (33.7) | 0.246 |
Female | 439 (64.7) | 766 (67.3) | 1205 (66.3) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 3.3 | 25.1 ± 3.4 | 25.0 ± 3.4 | 0.548 |
Education, n (%) | ||||
Illiterate | 30 (4.4) | 67 (5.9) | 97 (5.3) | < 0.001 |
Primary school | 106 (15.6) | 210 (18.5) | 316 (17.4) | |
Junior high school | 327 (48.2) | 420 (36.9) | 747 (41.1) | |
High school | 163 (24.0) | 300 (26.4) | 463 (25.5) | |
Junior college | 33 (4.9) | 95 (8.3) | 128 (7.0) | |
Undergraduate and above | 20 (2.9) | 46 (4.0) | 66 (3.6) | |
Physical activity, n (%) | ||||
Never | 53 (7.8) | 77 (6.8) | 130 (7.2) | 0.037 |
1–3 days/week | 56 (8.2) | 129 (11.3) | 185 (10.2) | |
4–6 days/week | 57 (8.4) | 124 (10.9) | 181 (10.0) | |
Everyday | 513 (75.6) | 808 (71.0) | 1321 (72.7) | |
Smoking, n (%) | ||||
Never | 510 (75.1) | 843 (74.1) | 1353 (74.5) | 0.598 |
Ever | 80 (11.8) | 127 (11.2) | 207 (11.4) | |
Current | 89 (13.1) | 168 (14.8) | 257 (14.1) | |
Alcohol drinking (yes), n (%) | 175 (25.8) | 305 (26.8) | 480 (26.4) | 0.631 |
Living alone (yes), n (%) | 51 (7.5) | 70 (6.2) | 121 (6.7) | 0.261 |
Reading (yes), n (%) | 238 (35.1) | 503 (44.2) | 741 (40.8) | < 0.001 |
TV and computer using (yes), n (%) | 649 (95.6) | 1097 (96.4) | 1746 (96.1) | 0.385 |
Dietary supplement (yes), n (%) | 183 (27.0) | 250 (22.0) | 433 (23.8) | 0.015 |
AD family history (yes), n (%) | 56 (8.2) | 103 (9.1) | 159 (8.8) | 0.558 |
Hyperlipidemia (yes), n (%) | 292 (43.0) | 492 (43.2) | 784 (43.1) | 0.924 |
Stroke (yes), n (%) | 72 (10.6) | 65 (5.7) | 137 (7.5) | < 0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease (yes), n (%) | 55 (8.1) | 54 (4.7) | 109 (6.0) | 0.004 |
Plasma VA, (μg/ml) | 0.49 ± 0.14 | 0.55 ± 0.17 | 0.53 ± 0.17 | < 0.001 |
Nutritional VA status, n (%) | ||||
Deficiency | 3 (0.4) | 3 (0.3) | 6 (0.3) | 0.372 |
Marginal deficiency | 34 (5.0) | 43 (3.8) | 77 (4.2) | |
Sufficiency | 642 (94.6) | 1092 (96.0) | 1734 (95.4) | |
Plasma parameters, (mmol/L) | ||||
FBG | 5.92 ± 1.78 | 5.72 ± 1.74 | 5.79 ± 1.76 | 0.018 |
TC | 5.03 ± 1.04 | 4.96 ± 1.01 | 4.99 ± 1.02 | 0.168 |
TG | 1.70 ± 1.16 | 1.76 ± 1.31 | 1.73 ± 1.25 | 0.342 |
HDL-c | 1.45 ± 0.30 | 1.42 ± 0.32 | 1.43 ± 0.31 | 0.044 |
LDL-c | 2.90 ± 0.86 | 2.96 ± 0.89 | 2.93 ± 0.88 | 0.175 |
Daily dietary intake, (g/d) | ||||
Cereal | 275.0 (175.0, 325.0) | 250.0 (175.0, 300.0) | 250.0 (175.0, 325.0) | 0.545 |
Fruit | 125.0 (75.0, 225.0) | 125.0 (75.0, 225.0) | 125.0 (75.0, 225.0) | 0.471 |
Vegetable | 275.0 (175.0, 425.0) | 325.0 (175.0, 425.0) | 275.0 (175.0, 425.0) | 0.043 |
Legume | 26.8 (16.1, 44.6) | 26.8 (16.1, 44.6) | 26.8 (16.1, 44.6) | 0.083 |
Whole grain | 26.8 (16.1, 62.5) | 26.8 (16.1, 44.6) | 26.8 (16.1, 53.6) | < 0.001 |
Red meat | 26.8 (16.1, 44.6) | 26.8 (16.1, 44.6) | 26.8 (16.1, 44.6) | 0.120 |
Poultry meat | 16.1 (0, 26.8) | 16.1 (0, 16.1) | 16.1 (0, 17.9) | 0.944 |
Dairy | 128.6 (50.9, 214.3) | 114.3 (42.9, 188.6) | 125.0 (42.9, 214.3) | 0.017 |
Fish | 16.1 (0, 26.8) | 16.1 (5.4, 26.8) | 16.1 (5.4, 26.8) | 0.888 |
Egg | 42.9 (21.4, 53.6) | 32.1 (21.4, 50.0) | 35.7 (21.4, 50.0) | < 0.001 |
Cooking oil | 25.6 (17.0, 38.3) | 25.6 (17.0, 38.3) | 25.6 (17.0, 38.3) | 0.939 |
Dietary balance index | ||||
LBS | 15.0 (11.0, 21.0) | 16.0 (12.0, 21.0) | 16.0 (11.0, 21.0) | 0.042 |
HBS | 5.0 (2.0, 10.0) | 5.0 (2.0, 8.0) | 5.0 (2.0, 8.5) | < 0.001 |
DQD | 22.0 (17.0, 27.0) | 22.0 (17.0, 27.0) | 22.0 (17.0, 27.0) | 0.515 |
