Fig. 6: The impact of an α-lactalbumin-enriched formula on the conversion rate of tryptophan to kynurenine.
From: The role of alpha-lactalbumin in modulating tryptophan metabolism and serotonin synthesis
A The ratio of kynurenine to tryptophan (KYN:TRP) and/or the sum of kynurenine and quinolinate to tryptophan ((KYN+QUIN):TRP) in serum, liver, and brain. The group differences were evaluated using the Mann–Whitney U test. B Serum IFN-γ concentration. The group difference was evaluated using ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post-hoc test, with the litter effect accounted for in the model. C Serum cortisol levels at baseline, and at 30, 60, and 120 min post-meal intake on Day 11 or 12, as well as on Day 16. The group differences were evaluated cross-sectionally using the Mann–Whitney U test. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, #p < 0.1. PFC prefrontal cortex.
