Fig. 3: Bioactive Components and Application Simulation Analysis of CFS.

A Antimicrobial activity after inactivation of potential bioactive components (Tukey test). CAT denotes catalase. B Antimicrobial activity of EPS extracted from CFS (Tukey test). C pH stability of CFS. D Effects of HCl/NaOH-simulated acidic/alkaline environments on S. mutans (Tukey test). E Thermal stability of CFS (Tukey test). F-H Storage stability of CFS under different temperatures after 1 week (F), 1 month (G), and 3 months (H) (Tukey test). I Side and top views of S. mutans oral biofilm in the in vitro model. J Dry weight of biofilms in the in vitro model. K pH of spent media from the in vitro model. L Release of free calcium from HA disks in the in vitro model. As shown in Fig. 3I–L, the negative control (NC), 2CFS, and positive control (PC) groups in the in vitro model were treated with BHI, 2CFS, and 0.01% CHX as oral rinse simulation fluids, respectively. For experiments employing HA disks, one disc was used per condition, with three independent biological replicates performed for each. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). ns, no significant difference.