Table 1 Estimates of fixed effects obtained using the linear mixed-effects model.

From: Keep it simple: streamlining book illustrations improves attention and comprehension in beginning readers

Outcome Variable

Parameter

Estimate

SE

df

t

p

95% CI

Gaze shifts away from text

Intercept

4.54

3.32

66.40

1.37

0.175

[−2.08, 11.16]

[Condition = Standard]a

12.31

1.94

58.00

6.35

<0.0005

[8.42, 16.19]

[Grade = 1]b

6.99

3.60

56.00

1.95

0.057

[−.210, 14.21]

[Order = Standard First]c

4.98

3.60

56.00

1.38

0.173

[−2.24, 12.19]

Comprehension scores (%)

Intercept

79.69

4.11

90.52

19.41

<0.0005

[71.53, 87.84]

[Condition = Standard]a

−32.86

4.05

59.00

−8.11

<0.0005

[−40.96, −24.75]

[Grade = 1]b

−3.48

4.12

57.00

−0.844

0.402

[−11.74, 4.78]

[Order = Standard First]c

4.44

4.13

57.00

1.08

0.287

[−3.82, 12.70]

  1. aThe LMM model used results from Standard condition as the reference.
  2. bThe LMM model used results from Grade 1 as the reference.
  3. cThe LMM model used results from the order of the Standard condition presented first as the reference.
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