Fig. 2: Meta-analysis of the Effect of Adopting and Dropping the Exam Playbook.

Note. Forest plot showing effect sizes from stratified matching analyses. Numbers below each course name indicate the number of students in that analysis (and as a percentage of the total class). Left: Effect of “adopting” the Exam Playbook. Both groups did not use the Exam Playbook at Exam 1; students who used it on Exam 2 outperformed students who did not. Right: Effect of “dropping” the Exam Playbook. Both groups used the Exam Playbook for Exam 1; students who dropped the Exam Playbook at Exam 2 did worse than students who consistently used it. Error bars reflect 95% confidence intervals.