Fig. 3: Illustration of the experimental procedure.

a Details of the selected Chinese characters. b Examples of presentation settings for consistent and inconsistent characters in different blocks. c Schematic depiction of the color-change judgment task in the equal probability block. d Schematic depiction of the color-change judgment task in the oddball block. Abbreviations: CC consistent characters, IOr inconsistent orthographic characters, IPh inconsistent phonological characters, ISe inconsistent semantic characters.