Fig. 3: Direct- and aftereffects of observational vs. physical practice.
From: A systematic review of observational practice for adaptation of reaching movements

Standardised mean differences (Cohen’s d) and confidence intervals (CI) for direct effects (a) and aftereffects (b) of observational vs. physical practice. For direct effects, positive values indicate larger effects for physical practice. For aftereffects, larger negative values indicate higher effects for physical practice.