Fig. 6: Experimental design for assessing the impact of BCI-assisted learning on mathematics performance and self-efficacy.
From: Enhancing mathematical learning outcomes through a low-cost single-channel BCI system
The experiment followed a three-phase structure: pre-test, learning intervention (Learning phase), and post-test. In the pre-test phase, all participants completed initial assessments of their mathematics performance and self-efficacy. The learning phase involved random assignment to either a BCI group receiving real-time neurofeedback or a control group receiving sham feedback during a 50-minute online algebra session. The post-test phase repeated the initial assessments to measure changes resulting from the intervention.
