Fig. 4: Main effect of instruction.

Results of the main effect of instruction, which were probed from the linear mixed modeling analyses, are displayed for: A Force Concept Inventory (FCI), B Physics Knowledge (PK), and C Resting State. Three CAP metrics are presented: Counts (left column), Temporal Fraction (middle column), and Persistence (right column). Each plot shows the distribution for each classroom (active learning shown in purple and lecture-based in green), accompanied by box plots displaying their means (black diamond) and edges representing the 25th and 75th quantiles of the distribution. Asterisks (*) denote statistical significance of mean differences prior to Benjamini–Hochberg correction.