Fig. 3: Different arithmetic paradigms.
From: The dynamics of state math anxiety vary by paradigm and timing during arithmetic
Each trial began with a 500 ms fixation, followed by the presentation of an arithmetic problem. In decision paradigms (verification, forced-choice, delayed forced-choice), participants judged the correctness of a presented solution or selected the correct answer from two alternatives. The delayed forced-choice paradigm additionally required participants to indicate by pressing the spacebar on the keyboard when they had mentally calculated the answer before response options appeared (time limit was 2000 ms). In production paradigms (written production, verbal-keyboard production, simple verbal production), participants generated the answer either by typing or verbalizing it. An inter-trial interval (ITI) of 500 ms was used for all paradigms except the simple verbal production paradigm, which used 3000 ms. No time limit was imposed for problem solving, except for the response in the delayed forced-choice condition.
