Fig. 4: Human immune response in various pathologies.
From: Immune digital twins for complex human pathologies: applications, limitations, and challenges
Immune/Inflammatory functions and their relationship to various classes of diseases: Autoimmune diseases in which failure in non-self-recognition or negative feedback control of proinflammation leads to persistent inflammation and long-term tissue damage; Infections in which the immune response is responding to various types of microbes (viruses, bacteria and fungi); Ageing, where changes in the function of the immune response can lead to a host of diseases; Acute Illness, where a host of perturbations rapidly activates the immune response. Immune pathophysiological processes range in time scale from hours for acute illness and sepsis to years and decades in autoimmune diseases and cancer. We propose that nearly every disease process and its potential resolution involves to some degree, inflammation and immunity.
