Fig. 5: AAB levels are dysregulated with the accumulation of COVID-19 symptoms.

a Violin plots displaying AAB levels for each group on the x-axis (0 = no symptoms; 1 = one symptom; 2 = two symptoms; 3 = three symptoms; 4 = four symptoms). Asterisks indicate the Kruskal‒Wallis test with post hoc Dunn test significance levels (* = p < 0.01; **p < 0.001; ***p < 0.0001; ****p < 0.00001). Adjusted p values (FDRs) are also shown. b Forest plots depict ORs and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (whiskers) for various AABs across COVID-19 symptoms. The blue dots and lines indicate significantly increased or decreased AAB levels, respectively, compared with those in healthy controls. This significance is based on the FDR and confidence intervals. The dashed line represents the intercept.