Fig. 4: Future COPD prediction overview. | npj Systems Biology and Applications

Fig. 4: Future COPD prediction overview.

From: Deep learning for detecting and early predicting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from spirogram time series

Fig. 4

a The left vertical axis represents the predicted probability of COPD, while the right vertical axis indicates the concavity degree based on the directed area metric for each phase. Each plot displays the mean concavity degree for the respective phase, illustrating how the concavity changes over time in relation to COPD risk. b This figure illustrates the probabilities of not being diagnosed with COPD over time for the high-risk and low-risk groups, as predicted by the model. The X-axis represents the time since the pulmonary function test, while the Y-axis shows the probability of not being diagnosed with COPD at each time point. Due to right censoring, not all high-risk patients are diagnosed within the observation period, resulting in probabilities that remain above zero. c As the onset time progresses, the concavity of the patient’s Volume-Flow curve decreases year by year.

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