Fig. 2: Hydrophilic metabolome alterations by ILG and GU treatments in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

a Heatmap showing ion abundance ratios among four groups. Peak heights were normalized by the number of cells at each sampling point, and Z-scaled data were used for clustering analysis. b Summary of significantly changed metabolites compared to control at each time point. The adjusted P-values were calculated using the Tukey’s HSD test following one-way ANOVA. The number of metabolites exhibiting more than a two-fold change with p < 0.05 is shown. c Mapping of metabolic profiles onto glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and the urea cycle after 1 and 24 h of LPS stimulation. Bar plots represent the mean values for each group, with individual data points overlaid as a scatter plot. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean (SEM) and p values were calculated using the Tukey’s HSD test and labeled if p < 0.05 compared to the control group at the same time point. d Peak heights of the phosphopeptide of phosphofructokinase (PFK) at each time point, where S2 indicates phosphorylation at second serine residue. e Peak height profiles of phosphorylated peptides at S36 and S39 of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate aldolase (FBA). f Results of metabolite set enrichment analysis using MetaboAnalyst version 5.0. The number of significantly changed metabolites is also shown with column annotations. Pathway terms that were significant within the top three in each group are indicated by “+” label.