Fig. 1

MPL and QS-21 act synergistically to induce strong antigen-specific CD4⁺ T-cells and antibody responses. C57BL/6 mice were immunized twice 2 weeks apart with the RTS,S antigen formulated together with indicated adjuvants (RTS,S = 50 µg/ml, AS01 = MPL + QS-21, MPL = 50 µg/ml, QS-21 = 50 µg/ml, 2 × 50 µl/injection, i.m.). a 14 days after the last immunization, antigen-specific IgG titers were assessed by ELISA (n = 30 mice/group, 1 out of 2 independent experiments is shown). b, c Spleens were obtained 7 days after the last dose of vaccine and splenocytes were restimulated with a pool of peptide spanning the length of HBs or CSP. b Antigen-specific cytokine production by CD4⁺ T cells as assessed by ICS. c Antigen-specific cytokine production by CD8⁺ T cells as assessed by ICS (n = 5 mice/group, 1 out of 2 independent experiments is shown). Bar charts show mean ± SEM