Fig. 5: T cell activation is strongest after MVA vaccination but it is not affected by the length of the interval since last NS encoding vaccination.

a Example plots (CD8⁺ T cells) showing pentamer vs. activation marker (arm A5) 1 week and 12 weeks post second MVA-NSmut vaccination (see Supplementary Fig. 4 for full gating strategy). Percentage of pentamer⁺ cells expressing the activation marker is shown. b Ex vivo MHC class I pentamer staining was performed on all HLA-A*01⁺ or A*02⁺ individuals (NS3_1435–1443, NS3_1406–1415, NS3_{−1073–1081,} see methods) from arms A2-A5. PBMC were co-stained with individual pentamers and antibodies against the CD8⁺ T cell surface activation markers CD38 and HLA-DR. The percentage of pentamer⁺ cells expressing these markers is shown, bars at median. b Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA with Dunn’s correction comparing all group means for 1st and 2nd ChAd3-NSmut vaccination, and for 1st and second MVA vaccination for CD38 and for HLA-DR, significant differences shown. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.005.