Table 1 Summary of tested putative biomarkers predictive of vaccine efficacy against opioids.
From: Mechanisms of interleukin 4 mediated increase in efficacy of vaccines against opioid use disorders
Biomarker | Antibodies | Efficacy |
|---|---|---|
↑ | ↑ | |
Sex (female) | ↑ | ↑ |
IL-4 depletion40 | ↑ | ↑ |
IL-13 depletion | No effect | No effect |
IL-2R inhibition40 | No effect | No effect |
IL-7R inhibition40 | No effect | No effect |
PD-L1 activation40 | No effect | No effect |
ICOS activation40 | No effect | No effect |
TLR3 activation31 | ↑ | ↑ |
No effect* | No effect* | |
TLR9 activation32 | ↑ | ↑ |
