Fig. 1: Hypnoboost concept and experimental set-up.
From: Sterile protection against relapsing malaria with a single-shot vaccine
a The hypnoboost concept consists of a single-shot high-dose relapsing malaria sporozoite vaccination to induce and boost liver-stage immune responses (orange background bars), while aborting blood-stage infection by continuous chloroquine treatment. Following liver-stage parasite clearance (primaquine (PQ) treatment) after three relapses, immunity should be high enough to protect from sporozoite challenge. b The hypnoboost concept was tested using three groups of rhesus macaques (n = 4): a hypnoboost-CPS group, a blood-stage exposed hypnoboost-BS group and a control group. Light blue arrows: vaccination with 106 P. cynomolgi sporozoites. Lila lines: chloroquine (CQ) coverage established by weekly CQ injections. Lila arrows: start of 5-day CQ treatment. Red lines: duration of blood-stage parasitemia in the four animals of the hypnoboost-BS group. Teal arrows: start of radical cure treatment (5-day CQ and 7-day primaquine). Purple arrows: challenge with 200 P. cynomolgi sporozoites. Dark blue arrows: bleeding time points.
