Table 1 Summary of Q fever vaccines tested in humans or animal models.
From: Q fever immunology: the quest for a safe and effective vaccine
Vaccine type | Human/animal model | Efficacy | Reactogenicity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Live attenuated vaccines | ||||
M-44 | Humans | Humoral response in 80% of individuals | Mild weakness, headache, temperature for 24 h | |
Guinea pigs | Not reported | Myocarditis, hepatitis, necrosis, granuloma formation and splenitis | ||
Whole cell Phase II | Mice | IgG response and similar protection to phase I WCV | Not reported | |
Killed whole cell vaccines | ||||
Phase I WCV | Humans | Complement-fixing antibody titers equal to recovered patients | Redness at injection site, mild systemic reactions, malaise | |
Protection for at least 5 years;Antibody and cell lymphoproliferative responses | Erythema, rarely Edema, abscess at injection site in few | |||
Guinea pigs | Complement-fixing antibodies | Local induration for a few days. Fever | ||
Δdot/icm | Guinea pigs | Similar protection to WCV | Local erythema, local inflammation | |
Ewes | Humoral response and protection demonstrated by reduced bacterial shedding and healthy lambs | No injection site reactions. Temperature rise post vaccination | ||
Goats | CD8+ IFN-γ response and IgG responseProtection was 33% more in adjuvanted WCV | Not reported | ||
Phase II WCV | Ewes | Humoral response and protection demonstrated by reduced bacterial shedding and healthy lambs | No injection site reactions; temperature rise post vaccination | |
Soluble extracts | ||||
CMR | Mice, guinea pigs, primates | Protection equivalent to Q-VAX | Local reactions | |
Humans | IgG and lymphoproliferative responses | Local erythema and induration at injection site | ||
TCA | Mice and guinea pigs | >90% protection with phase I and II antibodies | Local reactions | |
Humans | Moderate humoral response | Local and systemic reactions | ||
Soluble phase I | Mice, guinea pigs, non-human primates | Reduced bacterial burden in mice and guinea pigs | Reduced inflammation compared to WCV | |
Subunit vaccines | ||||
TLR triagonists | Mice and guinea pigs | Protection depending on adjuvant formulation | Reactions with one | |
Mice | Varying protection but not equivalent to Q-VAX | Not reported | ||
O-Specific Polysaccharide/Tetanus Toxoid conjugate | Guinea pigs | Protection from fever and body weight loss. Reduced bacterial burden in organs | None | |
m1E41920-KLH (LPS mimetic) | Mice | Less protection than phase I LPS, but reduced splenic burden | Not reported | |
