Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants in the study cohort based on the UK Biobank
Overall | Ever vaccinated | Non vaccinated | SMD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Male, n (%) | 32,884 (46.4) | 18,071 (47.1) | 14,813 (45.4) | 0.035 |
Age, mean (std) | 64.4 (3.1) | 64.0 (2.7) | 64.9 (3.5) | 0.294 |
Age group, n (%) | ||||
60–64 | 43,802 (61.7) | 25,642 (66.9) | 18,160 (55.7) | 0.232 |
≥65 | 27,136 (38.3) | 12,686 (33.1) | 14,450 (44.3) | 0.232 |
ApoE 4 gene type | ||||
ε4 noncarrier | 49,656 (70.0) | 26,915 (70.2) | 22,741 (69.7) | 0.011 |
ε4 carrier | 19,531 (27.5) | 10,537 (27.5) | 8994 (27.6) | 0.002 |
Unknown | 1751 (2.5) | 876 (2.3) | 875 (2.7) | 0.026 |
Family history of dementia, n (%) | 10,922 (15.4) | 5857 (15.3) | 5065 (15.5) | 0.007 |
Family history of PD, n (%) | 3392 (4.8) | 1821 (4.8) | 1571 (4.8) | 0.003 |
Education, n (%) | ||||
University/college degree | 18,634 (26.3) | 10,170 (26.5) | 8464 (26.0) | 0.013 |
A levels/AS levels or equivalent | 6205 (8.7) | 3310 (8.6) | 2895 (8.9) | 0.009 |
O-levels/GCEs/CSEs or equivalent | 16,419 (23.1) | 8732 (22.8) | 7687 (23.6) | 0.019 |
NVQ/HND/HNC/other professional qualification | 10,176 (14.3) | 5460 (14.2) | 4716 (14.5) | 0.006 |
Others | 18,516 (26.1) | 10,138 (26.5) | 8378 (25.7) | 0.017 |
Unknown | 988 (1.4) | 518 (1.4) | 470 (1.4) | 0.008 |
TDI, mean (std) | −1.6 (2.9) | −1.6 (2.9) | −1.6 (2.9) | 0.022 |
TDI, n (%) | ||||
≤−3.64 | 19,133 (27.0) | 10,334 (27.0) | 8799 (27.0) | <0.001 |
≤−2.14 | 19,045 (26.8) | 10,380 (27.1) | 8665 (26.6) | 0.012 |
≤0.55 | 17,766 (25.0) | 9736 (25.4) | 8030 (24.6) | 0.018 |
>0.55 | 14,916 (21.0) | 7833 (20.4) | 7083 (21.7) | 0.031 |
Unknown | 78 (0.1) | 45 (0.1) | 33 (0.1) | 0.005 |
Average total household income, n (%) | ||||
<18,000 | 19,739 (27.8) | 10,382 (27.1) | 9357 (28.7) | 0.036 |
18,000–30,999 | 19,023 (26.8) | 10,434 (27.2) | 8589 (26.3) | 0.020 |
31,000–51,999 | 12,176 (17.2) | 6717 (17.5) | 5459 (16.7) | 0.021 |
>52,000 | 7321 (10.3) | 4013 (10.5) | 3308 (10.1) | 0.011 |
Unknown | 12,679 (17.9) | 6782 (17.7) | 5897 (18.1) | 0.010 |
Study center region, n (%) | ||||
England | 62,154 (87.6) | 31,432 (82.0) | 30,722 (94.2) | 0.384 |
Wales | 3492 (4.9) | 2600 (6.8) | 892 (2.7) | 0.191 |
Scotland | 5292 (7.5) | 4296 (11.2) | 996 (3.1) | 0.321 |
BMI, mean (std) | 27.4 (4.7) | 27.5 (4.6) | 27.4 (4.7) | 0.019 |
BMI, n (%) | ||||
<25 | 21,103 (29.7) | 11,196 (29.2) | 9907 (30.4) | 0.026 |
<18.5 | 290 (0.4) | 145 (0.4) | 145 (0.4) | 0.010 |
<30 | 32,005 (45.1) | 17,555 (45.8) | 14,450 (44.3) | 0.030 |
≥30 | 17,208 (24.3) | 9275 (24.2) | 7933 (24.3) | 0.003 |
Unknown | 332 (0.5) | 157 (0.4) | 175 (0.5) | 0.019 |
Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
Never | 35,742 (50.4) | 19,204 (50.1) | 16,538 (50.7) | 0.012 |
Previous smoking | 28,877 (40.7) | 15,754 (41.1) | 13123 (40.2) | 0.018 |
Current smoking | 5918 (8.3) | 3162 (8.2) | 2756 (8.5) | 0.007 |
Unknown | 401 (0.6) | 208 (0.5) | 193 (0.6) | 0.007 |
Drinking status, n (%) | ||||
Never | 3248 (4.6) | 1627 (4.2) | 1621 (5.0) | 0.035 |
Previous drinking | 2540 (3.6) | 1298 (3.4) | 1242 (3.8) | 0.023 |
Current drinking | 64,989 (91.6) | 35,323 (92.2) | 29,666 (91.0) | 0.043 |
Unknown | 161 (0.2) | 80 (0.2) | 81 (0.2) | 0.008 |
Health diet, n (%) | 21,949 (30.9) | 11,822 (30.8) | 10,127 (31.1) | 0.005 |
Tea intake (/day), n (%) | ||||
0 cups | 11,301 (15.9) | 5979 (15.6) | 5322 (16.3) | 0.020 |
1–2 cup | 15,433 (21.8) | 8454 (22.1) | 6979 (21.4) | 0.016 |
3–4 cups | 22,028 (31.1) | 12,024 (31.4) | 10,004 (30.7) | 0.015 |
≥5 cups | 21,921 (30.9) | 11,739 (30.6) | 10,182 (31.2) | 0.013 |
Unknown | 255 (0.4) | 132 (0.3) | 123 (0.4) | 0.005 |
Coffee intake (/day), n (%) | ||||
0 cups | 18,416 (26.0) | 9787 (25.5) | 8629 (26.5) | 0.021 |
1 cup | 15,310 (21.6) | 8266 (21.6) | 7044 (21.6) | 0.001 |
2 cups | 14,226 (20.1) | 7759 (20.2) | 6467 (19.8) | 0.010 |
≥3 cups | 22,756 (32.1) | 12,399 (32.3) | 10,357 (31.8) | 0.013 |
Unknown | 230 (0.3) | 117 (0.3) | 113 (0.3) | 0.007 |
Regular physic activity, n (%) | 56,456 (79.6) | 30,462 (79.5) | 25,994 (79.7) | 0.006 |
Self-health rating | ||||
Excellent | 11,462 (16.2) | 6208 (16.2) | 5254 (16.1) | 0.002 |
Good | 42,885 (60.5) | 23,429 (61.1) | 19,456 (59.7) | 0.030 |
Fair | 13,839 (19.5) | 7374 (19.2) | 6465 (19.8) | 0.015 |
Poor | 2374 (3.3) | 1130 (2.9) | 1244 (3.8) | 0.048 |
Unknown | 378 (0.5) | 187 (0.5) | 191 (0.6) | 0.013 |
Mental health score, n (%) | ||||
≤2 | 26,578 (37.5) | 14,330 (37.4) | 12,248 (37.6) | 0.004 |
≤4 | 15,758 (22.2) | 8514 (22.2) | 7244 (22.2) | <0.001 |
≤7 | 16,607 (23.4) | 9012 (23.5) | 7595 (23.3) | 0.005 |
≥8 | 10,996 (15.5) | 5911 (15.4) | 5085 (15.6) | 0.005 |
Unknown | 999 (1.4) | 561 (1.5) | 438 (1.3) | 0.010 |
Social isolation, n (%) | ||||
Least isolated | 32,985 (46.5) | 18,196 (47.5) | 14,789 (45.4) | 0.043 |
Moderately isolated | 27,601 (38.9) | 14,786 (38.6) | 12,815 (39.3) | 0.015 |
Most isolated | 9146 (12.9) | 4750 (12.4) | 4396 (13.5) | 0.032 |
Unknown | 1206 (1.7) | 596 (1.6) | 610 (1.9) | 0.024 |
Depression, n (%) | 12,186 (17.2) | 6473 (16.9) | 5713 (17.5) | 0.017 |
Charlson comorbidity index, n (%) | ||||
0 | 48,836 (68.8) | 26,721 (69.7) | 22,115 (67.8) | 0.041 |
1 | 11,189 (15.8) | 5935 (15.5) | 5254 (16.1) | 0.017 |
2 | 7965 (11.2) | 4231 (11.0) | 3734 (11.5) | 0.013 |
>2 | 2948 (4.2) | 1441 (3.8) | 1507 (4.6) | 0.043 |
Influenza vaccination invitation, n (%) | 2339 (3.3) | 1207 (3.1) | 1132 (3.5) | 0.018 |
Medication use, n (%) | ||||
Aspirin | 6703 (9.4) | 4052 (10.6) | 2651 (8.1) | 0.084 |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 6495 (9.2) | 3898 (10.2) | 2597 (8.0) | 0.077 |
Angiotensin receptor blockers | 2796 (3.9) | 1686 (4.4) | 1110 (3.4) | 0.051 |
Glucose lowering agents | 1486 (2.1) | 899 (2.3) | 587 (1.8) | 0.038 |
Statins | 11316 (16.0) | 6938 (18.1) | 4378 (13.4) | 0.129 |
Calcium channel blockers | 5398 (7.6) | 3283 (8.6) | 2115 (6.5) | 0.079 |
Beta blocking agents | 5666 (8.0) | 3495 (9.1) | 2171 (6.7) | 0.091 |
Diuretics | 6763 (9.5) | 4172 (10.9) | 2591 (7.9) | 0.101 |
Proton-pump inhibitors | 8225 (11.6) | 5050 (13.2) | 3175 (9.7) | 0.108 |
