Fig. 5: CD4⁺ T cell-biased cellular response induced by gE mRNA-LNP vaccines.

A Animals were divided in groups of 7, and subsequently immunized with 2 intramuscular doses, 4 weeks apart, of gE mRNA-LNP (NOF or SM102) or Shingrix^®. Mice injected with saline were included as negative controls. One week after the last immunization, spleens were harvested and stimulated with overlapping peptide pools from VZV gE protein, and percentage of CD8⁺ (B) and CD4⁺ (C) T cells producing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2, was measured by flow cytometry.