Fig. 4

SEM cross-section images of cake layer on the surface of membrane for different Al pre-coagulants with humic acid: a AlCl3-humic; b PACl15-humic; c PACl25-humic (Insert images are the cake layer seen from the top)

SEM cross-section images of cake layer on the surface of membrane for different Al pre-coagulants with humic acid: a AlCl3-humic; b PACl15-humic; c PACl25-humic (Insert images are the cake layer seen from the top)