Table 1 ECs removal efficiency in DWTPs by different filtration processes.

Activated carbon

ARG

0.01 log (PAC)/−0.15 to −0.21 log (GAC)

⁹⁸

Benzafibrate

>70 m³/kg (specific throughput)

⁹⁵

Bisphenol A

80% (GAC)

^95,102

Carbamazepine

71–93% (GAC)/50–70 m³/kg (specific throughput)

Clofibric Acid

10–17 m³/kg (specific throughput)

Diclofenac

>70 m³/kg (specific throughput)

Ethoxy-Nonyl Phenolic

73% (GAC)

⁹⁶

Gemfibrozil

44–55% (GAC)

¹⁰²

PFOA

45% (GAC)

¹⁰⁰

PFOS

64% (GAC)

Polar Contaminants

10–95% (PAC)

⁹⁷

Volatile Contaminnats

50–98% (PAC)

Anthracite

Estrogens

84–99%

⁹⁶

Sand

ARG

0.35–0.48 log

⁹⁸

Biofiltration

17β Estradiol

>80% (GAC)

¹⁰⁴

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

68–77 % (sand)

¹⁰³

2-Methylisoborneol

93–99% (sand)

Acetochlor

8–17% (sand)

Acetominophen

59–79% (sand)/ > 80 % (GAC)

^103,104

Aldicarb

49–72% (sand)

¹⁰³

Aminotriazole

<30 % (GAC)

¹⁰⁴

Atenolol

>75% (GAC)

¹⁰⁴

Atrazine

0.2 - 3% (sand)/ < 30 % (GAC)

^103,104

Bisphenol A

64% (sand)

^103,104

Caffeine

67–80% (sand)

Carbamazepine

0.5–1.6% (sand)/<30% (GAC)

Carbaryl

3.3–17% (sand)

¹⁰³

Chlorpyrifos

63–83% (sand)

Clofibric Acid

35–52% (sand)

Cotinine

23–39% (sand)/<30% (GAC)

^103,104

DEET

<30% (GAC)

Diazinon

12–40% (sand)

¹⁰³

Diclofenac

>80% (GAC)/21–28% (sand)

^102,103

Dimethoate

75–81 % (sand)

¹⁰³

Diuron

0.3–7.8% (sand)

Erythromycin

15–27% (sand)

Ethinyl Estradiol

12–22% (sand)

Gemfibrozil

70–94% (sand)

Ibuprofen

>80% (GAC)/>95% (sand)/>75% (GAC)

^102,103,104

Iopromide

3–13% (sand)/<30% (GAC)

^103,104

Malaoxon

16–49% (sand)

¹⁰³

Methomyl

5.3–12 % (sand)

Metolachlor

6.6–8.7% (sand)

Molinate

85–97% (sand)

Naproxen

>80% (GAC)/72–86% (sand)

^102,103

Prometon

0–2.5% (sand)

¹⁰³

Simazine

6.8–8.2% (sand)

Sulfamethoxazole

2.4–4.1% (sand)

TCEP

<30% (GAC)

¹⁰⁴

Tributyl Phosphate

16–24% (sand)

¹⁰³

Triclosan

>90% (sand)

Trimethoprim

83–92% (sand)/>80% (GAC)

^103,104

Warfarin

39–68% (sand)

¹⁰³