Table 2 Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater matrices.
Ref. | Location | Water matrix | No. of samples | Genome concentration (copies/L) | Ct | Findings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive | Total | ||||||
Australia | Raw wastewater | 2 | 9 | 1.9 × 10-1.2 × 102 | N.A. | • Number of infected individuals estimated by Monte Carlo simulation was 171 to 1,090 (median range) in the catchment, which agreed with clinical observations. | |
Spain | Primary, secondary wastewater, and sludge samples | 6 (water), 14 (sludge) | 15 (water), 35 (sludge) | 7.5 × 103-1.5 × 104 (primary wastewater), 1 × 104-4 × 104 (sludge). | 33.61–39.60 | • No genetic material detected in secondary wastewater and digested sludge. SARS-CoV-2 virus concentrated in the sludge line with biosolids. | |
India | Raw wastewater | 6 | 25 | Only Ct numbers were reported | 5.19–37.52 | • SARS-CoV-2 genomes detected in untreated wastewater even at 40–45 °C ambient temperatures. | |
Israel | Raw wastewater | 10 | 26 | Only Ct numbers were reported | 32.76–38.5 | • A linear dose-dependent curve has been presented as a tool of wastewater surveillance. | |
USA | Composite raw wastewater | 18 | 22 | 4.27 × 104 (average), 1.12 × 105 (highest) | N.A. | • A spatial correlation was suggested between the number of cases in that area and SARS-CoV-2 DNA detected in wastewater. | |
Japan | Raw and secondary-treated wastewater, and river water | 1 | 13 | 2.4 × 103 | N.A. | • Influent wastewater and river-water samples tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, whereas only one secondary-treated wastewater sample tested positive. | |
Japan | Raw wastewater | 7 | 27 | 1.2 × 104-4.4 × 104 | 29.9 to 36.2 | • The detection frequency of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was 15 and 57%, respectively for every 1 and 10 people out of 100,000 in each prefecture. | |
Italy | Raw wastewater | 6 | 12 | N.A. | N.A. | • 50% of the samples tested positive for the presence of SARS-CoV RNA. | |
India | Raw wastewater | 2 | 2 | 2.42 × 108 (maximum) | 32.65 to 39.56 | • Both the wastewater samples receiving hospital effluents tested positive for all the genes of SARS-CoV-2. | |
Turkey | Grab and composite raw wastewater | 7 | 9 | 1.8 × 104-9.33 × 104 | N.A. | • This study presented the copies per liter of SARS-CoV-2 for raw sewage and manholes near COVID-19 hospitals. | |
Turkey | Primary and waste activated sludge | 9 | 9 | 1.17 × 104-4.02 × 104 | 33.5 to 35.8 | • Viral RNA was detected in the primary and waste activated sludge before dewatering and digestion/thermal drying. | |
