Table 2 Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to have any household member with general illness (diarrhea and/or respiratory), or any household member with diarrhea, or any household member with respiratory illness in the 7 days before interview, multivariable analysis, Zambia, 2016–2017 (N = 12,511).

From: Household illness and associated water and sanitation factors in peri-urban Lusaka, Zambia, 2016–2017

Variable

Illness

Diarrhea

Respiratory illness

aOR (95% CI)

P-valuea

aOR (95% CI)

P-valuea

aOR (95% CI)

P-valuea

Gender of household head: female vs. male

1.01 (0.89, 1.14)

0.878

1.00 (0.85, 1.17)

0.971

1.05 (0.92, 1.21)

0.466

Education level attained

Secondary vs. ≤primary

0.86 (0.78, 0.95)

0.004

0.87 (0.76, 0.99)

0.032

0.87 (0.77, 0.99)

0.032

Tertiary vs. ≤primary

0.78 (0.63, 0.97)

0.024

0.83 (0.62, 1.1)

0.187

0.77 (0.6, 0.98)

0.036

Household size +1 member

1.05 (1.03, 1.08)

<0.001

1.05 (1.02, 1.08)

0.003

1.06 (1.03, 1.09)

<0.001

Have any child <5 years old: yes vs. no

1.50 (1.36, 1.66)

<0.001

1.68 (1.47, 1.92)

<0.001

1.39 (1.22, 1.57)

<0.001

Home ownership: rent vs. own

1.46 (1.29, 1.65)

<0.001

1.28 (1.09, 1.5)

0.003

1.54 (1.32,1.79)

<0.001

Household expenditure > 3rd quartile vs. ≤

1.20 (1.08, 1.34)

0.001

1.17 (1.03, 1.34)

0.020

1.23 (1.07, 1.41)

0.003

Water storage containers covered: some/none vs. all

1.11 (0.98, 1.26)

0.104

1.25 (1.06, 1.46)

0.006

1 (0.86, 1.16)

0.981

Sanitation: unimproved vs. improvedb

1.22 (0.99, 1.50)

0.061

1.37 (1.06, 1.77)

0.017

1 (0.76, 1.32)

0.988

Handwashing with soap: no vs. yes

1.20 (1.10, 1.32)

<0.001

1.18 (1.05, 1.34)

0.006

1.11 (0.99, 1.25)

0.082

Stored water treatment: no vs. yes

0.96 (0.83, 1.10)

0.518

0.97 (0.81, 1.16)

0.762

0.94 (0.79, 1.12)

0.482

Heavy toilet sharing (≥18 people): yes vs. no

1.18 (1.06, 1.31)

0.003

1.33 (1.17, 1.53)

<0.001

1.06 (0.92, 1.23)

0.403

Drinking water source: unimproved vs. improvedc

1.07 (0.94, 1.21)

0.327

1.13 (0.96, 1.34)

0.141

1.05 (0.88, 1.24)

0.613

Water consumption per person, L/day

<20 vs. ≥ 20

0.97 (0.88, 1.06)

0.487

0.87 (0.77, 0.98)

0.022

0.97 (0.87, 1.09)

0.616

Water availability, hr/day

<7 vs. >11

1.12 (0.88, 1.42)

0.341

0.99 (0.74,1.33)

0.968

1.17 (0.89, 1.53)

0.261

7–11 vs. >11

1.05 (0.88, 1.27)

0.568

0.88 (0.71, 1.09)

0.250

1.13 (0.92, 1.4)

0.249

  1. aBold indicates p-values < 0.05.
  2. bImproved: pit latrine with slab, ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP), and flush toilet; unimproved: pit latrine without slab, bucket/chamber pot, and no facilities/bushes/plastic bags.
  3. cImproved: communal tap/water kiosk, protected well, piped water, and kiosk from another compound; unimproved: unprotected well, private borehole, surface water, and bottled water.
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