Table 5 Features of several CECs in drinking water.
From: A critical review of point-of-use drinking water treatment in the United States
Contaminant type | Human toxicology | Regulation | Removal method |
|---|---|---|---|
NDMA | Liver damage and cancer39 | No MCL set by EPA, but it is included in CCL4 | Photolysis by ultraviolet radiation43 |
PPCPs | Stomach and intestine diseases46 | None established | Integrated membrane system MBR-RO/NF45 |
1,4-dioxane | Cancer39 | No MCL set by EPA, but it is included in CCL4 | Combined RO and GAC93 |
MTBE | Liver, kidney, immune system, testicular, central nervous system, uterine, headache, and lung problems40 | None established | GAC; activated oxidation49 |
PFOA | Pancreas, liver, and Leydig cell cancer40 | EPA has decided to regulate PFOA but the levels have not yet been determined | GAC; membrane separation; ion exchange; powdered activated carbon51 |
