Fig. 3: SFDM formation and fouling mitigation indicators.

Time profiles of effluent turbidity (panel a) and TMP (panel b) from the ESFDMBR and e-ESFDMBR as indicators of the rapid formation of the encapsulated SFDM in e-ESFDMBR. Fouling precursor tri-weekly (three times a week) average concentrations and fouling rates (panel c, d, see additionally Supplementary Table 2). Error bars in panel c show the standard deviations.