Fig. 5: AFM and XPS analysis of membranes.

a, b 2D and 3D AFM images of the PS/PET support and c, d HCPA-TFC-NF@M2 membranes and e XPS survey scans of the PS/PET support and HCPA-TFC-NF@M2 membranes. The deconvolution of XPS survey scans of the f–h PS/PET support and i–l HCPA-TFC-NF@M2 membranes.