Fig. 2: Productivity of the osmotic membrane distillation process. | npj Clean Water

Fig. 2: Productivity of the osmotic membrane distillation process.

From: Process optimization of osmotic membrane distillation for the extraction of valuable resources from water streams

Fig. 2: Productivity of the osmotic membrane distillation process.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a The steady-state specific water vapor flow rate (Jw) as a function of the bulk temperature (Tb,f) and molarity (cb,f) of the feed stream is reported, predicted by (I) the full analytical equation, Eq. (4), and by (II) the simplified linearized version, Eq. (21). The bulk temperature and molarity of the draw stream were considered equal to 20 °C and 4 M, respectively. b Percent error between the two models, evaluated as \({{\Delta }} \% =\frac{{J}_{{{{\rm{w}}}},{{{\rm{Eq}}}}.4}-{J}_{{{{\rm{w}}}},{{{\rm{Eq}}}}.21}}{{J}_{{{{\rm{w}}}},{{{\rm{Eq}}}}.4}}\). The membrane characteristics used for the calculations were those of the PTFE membrane deployed in the experiments.

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