Fig. 1: Comparative performance of symmetric-AEM and conventional FCDI systems. | npj Clean Water

Fig. 1: Comparative performance of symmetric-AEM and conventional FCDI systems.

From: Symmetric anion exchange membranes enhance arsenic removal and overcome conductivity limitations in FCDI systems

Fig. 1: Comparative performance of symmetric-AEM and conventional FCDI systems.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a Temporal change in arsenic concentration in the desalination chamber for the symmetric anion-exchange membrane (AEM) system and the conventional system over a 240-min operation. b Corresponding operational current over time for both systems. c Conductivity changes within the desalination chamber for both configurations. d Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Nyquist plots for both systems were measured before and after the 4-h treatment. The inset shows the equivalent circuit model used for fitting, where R1 is the combined electrolyte and interface resistance, R2 and Q1 are the charge-transfer resistance and constant-phase element at the flow electrode/collector interface, and R3 and Q2 represent the resistance and constant-phase element for ion adsorption/transport at the electrode/membrane interface. Data for the symmetric-AEM system (for example, solid lines or circle symbols) are compared against the conventional system (for example, dashed lines or square symbols). Data shown are from a representative experiment. Data points represent the mean ± SD from n = 3 independent experiments.

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