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Speciation of inorganic arsenic in oxic and in reducing groundwaters using the As(V)-selective ImpAs resin
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  • Published: 18 March 2026

Speciation of inorganic arsenic in oxic and in reducing groundwaters using the As(V)-selective ImpAs resin

  • Martijn Eikelboom1,
  • Jay Bullen2,3,
  • Peter S. K. Knappett4,
  • Trevor Ferris5,
  • Matthieu Carriere6,
  • Alexandra Alvarez6,
  • Dario Omanović7,
  • Subhamoy Bhowmick8,
  • Aaron Torres Huerta5,
  • Ramon Vilar5,
  • Jack N Turney9,
  • Paul Lewtas10,11,
  • Dominik Weiss2 &
  • …
  • Pascal Salaün1 

npj Clean Water , Article number:  (2026) Cite this article

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We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

Subjects

  • Chemistry
  • Environmental sciences

Abstract

Knowledge of arsenic inorganic speciation in groundwaters is critical for optimising water treatment approaches. Here, we characterise the on-site analytical performance of the As(V)-selective ImpAs ion-exchange resin to separate As(V) from As(III) in groundwater with contrasting redox conditions. Field speciation results obtained by ImpAs in the oxic, Fe-poor groundwaters of Guanajuato (Mexico) and in the reducing, Fe-rich groundwaters of West Bengal (India) agreed with voltammetry (slope of 0.91 ± 0.03, r = 0.99, p < 0.001, n = 21). Like for arsenic, oxyanions of Mo, V, U and Cr are retained by ImpAs but their reduced hydroxy forms are not. High As(V) extraction by ImpAs (>95%) was obtained in synthetic groundwater for hundreds of samples without any regeneration, highlighting negligible interactions of major anions such as sulfate, a major advantage over common solid phase extraction resins. However, in Fe rich waters, ImpAs reusability is likely constrained by Fe accumulation in the resin and dissolved organic matter. This study demonstrates the successful application of ImpAs resin as a safe and easy to use analytical device for on-site separation of As(V) and As(III) in groundwaters, which opens the potential for including As inorganic speciation analysis into large scale monitoring programs.

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Data availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information file. The raw voltammetric data is available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Luz Maria Del Razo at the Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN) and Maria Aurora Armienta of the Institute for Geophysics at UNAM in Mexico City for providing studies and publications on the redox state and speciation measurements of arsenic in Mexican aquifers. ME gratefully acknowledges the financial support for PhD students provided by the University of Liverpool. PS gratefully acknowledges the Engineering and Physical Research Science Council (UK) for funding through the Impact Acceleration Account. Request for the ImpAs resin should be addressed to Dominik Weiss (d.weiss@imperial.ac.uk).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

    Martijn Eikelboom & Pascal Salaün

  2. Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK

    Jay Bullen & Dominik Weiss

  3. Anglian Water Services Ltd, Thorpe Wood House, Peterborough, UK

    Jay Bullen

  4. Department of Geology & Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

    Peter S. K. Knappett

  5. Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, UK

    Trevor Ferris, Aaron Torres Huerta & Ramon Vilar

  6. Caminos de Agua, José María Correa 23A, Colonia Santa Cecilia, San Miguel de Allende, Gto, México

    Matthieu Carriere & Alexandra Alvarez

  7. Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

    Dario Omanović

  8. Kolkata Zonal Center, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Subhamoy Bhowmick

  9. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA

    Jack N Turney

  10. School of Science, Edit Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia

    Paul Lewtas

  11. B3 Electronic Design, Osborne Park, WA, Australia

    Paul Lewtas

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Contributions

M.E. carried out part of this work during his Ph.D. He developed the voltammetric methodology for As(III) and As(V) determination. He proceeded with both field studies, wrote the first draft and participated in numerous reviews. J.B. provided expert’s advice all along this work. P.K. provided expert knowledge on the geochemistry in Mexico. M.C. and A.A. were instrumental in helping M.E. during the fieldwork in Mexico. D.O. did all the ICP-MS analysis. S.B. was instrumental in helping M.E. during the fieldwork in West Bengal. J.N.T. did the Eh-pH diagrams. P.L. was involved in the development of the voltammetric methodology for As(III) determination. R.V., D.W., A.T.H., T.F., M.E. and P.S. were involved on developing and/or testing the ImpAs resin. M.E., P.S., D.W. and R.V. designed the study. M.E., P.S., J.B., P.K., R.V. and D.W. all participated in the writing and reviewing of this manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Martijn Eikelboom or Pascal Salaün.

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Competing interests

P.L. works for B3 Electronics, a company that manufactures and sells the PDV potentiostat that was used in this study.

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Eikelboom, M., Bullen, J., Knappett, P.S.K. et al. Speciation of inorganic arsenic in oxic and in reducing groundwaters using the As(V)-selective ImpAs resin. npj Clean Water (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-026-00564-9

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  • Received: 01 November 2025

  • Accepted: 10 February 2026

  • Published: 18 March 2026

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41545-026-00564-9

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