Extended Data Fig. 3: The constraints on the spin axis orientation of Venus obtained with Goldstone-GBT observations of radar speckles are illustrated.

Each colored line represents a measurement of the epoch of correlation maximum that traces a narrow error ellipse on the celestial sphere. The orientation of each line is related to the ecliptic longitude of the projected baseline at the time of observations (Supplementary Table 2). The best-fit spin axis orientation is shown by a diamond at the intersection of the colored lines. All measurements have been precessed to the J2000.0 epoch. The black dotted line represents the trace of the spin axis orientation on the celestial sphere as a result of spin precession between 1950 and 2050.