Extended Data Fig. 9: Stability of iron compounds and equilibrated vapors with CI carbonaceous chondrite composition.

a. Fe-N-O potential diagram and plots of equilibrated vapors with CI composition. Horizontal and vertical axes are the nitriding potential and the ratio of partial pressure of H2O to H2, respectively. b. Fe-S-O potential diagram and plots of equilibrated vapors with CI composition. Horizontal and vertical axes are the ratio of partial pressure of H2S to H2, and that of H2O to H2, respectively. The colored lines show the phase boundaries of iron compounds for various temperatures. Colored circles indicate the gas compositions of equilibrated impact vapors with CI chondrite chemical compositions. Blue, red, yellow, and purple colors denote 500 K, 600 K, 800 K, 1000 K, respectively.