The discovery of an unusual type of Wolf–Rayet star that does not go through a carbon-rich transitional phase should help to explain strong ionization in environments that lack heavier elements, while also forcing astronomers to rethink how the most massive stars evolve.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals
Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription
$32.99 / 30 days
cancel any time
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 digital issues and online access to articles
$119.00 per year
only $9.92 per issue
Rent or buy this article
Prices vary by article type
from$1.95
to$39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

References
Sander, A. A. C. et al. Nat. Astron. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02719-z (2025).
Wolf, C. J. E. & Rayet, G. C. R. Acad. Sci. 65, 292–296 (1867).
Conti, P. S. Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liege Ser. 9, 193–212 (1975).
Massey, P. & Grove, K. Astrophys. J. 344, 870 (1989).
Puls, J., Vink, J. S. & Najarro, F. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 16, 209–325 (2008).
Eldridge, J. J. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 400, L20 (2009).
Neugent, K. F. & Massey, P. Astron. J. 166, 68 (2023).
Gonzalez-Tora, G. et al. Astron. Astrophys. 703, L11 (2025).
Lau, R. M. et al. Nat. Astron. 6, 1308–1316 (2022).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The author declares no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Richardson, N.D. Unusual objects illuminate new evolutionary paths. Nat Astron (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02762-w
Published:
Version of record:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02762-w