Extended Data Fig. 8: Fecal bile acids levels after short-time antibiotics treatment following with a high-fat diet exposure.

Bile acids levels altered by free Abx or PGNPs-Abx were analyzed by mass spectrometer. n = 5 mice. All values are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. NS, no significance.