Extended Data Fig. 2: Capsule optimization.

a, Gelation assay of alginate analogs using Rhodamine B entrapment. b, Representative images of capsule formation using the alginate analogs. Scale bar, 2 mm. c, After initial characterization studies, including purity, solubility, and gel-forming ability, 149 alginate polymers were used for the screening test. d, Mechanical testing (work to burst) with different alginate formulations. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction was used for statistical analysis; ***P = 0.0007 (Z1-A34), ***P = 0.0009 (B1-A51), ns; non significant for comparisons with SLG20. All error bars denote mean ± s.e.m of n = 20 replicates. e-i, FITC-dextran permeability test with different modified alginates. All error bars denote mean ± s.e.m of n = 5 replicates.