Extended Data Fig 7: Histology characterization of NeuN⁺ neuronal nuclei in the cortical resection.

a–c, Fluorescence images showing the development of newborn neurons at 4 weeks post-implantation. Scale bars, 100 µm. Colocalization quantification shows that 99.0% of NeuN⁺ cells in cortical resection are DAPI⁺, demonstrating that the NeuN immunostaining is highly specific, and that false positive staining is largely excluded. d, Quantitative analysis of normalized NeuN fluorescence intensity within 60 µm from VasES elements at 4 weeks post-implantation on N = 6 independent samples. Error bar represents ±1 s.d. The normalized NeuN intensity is calculated as the ratio of the average fluorescence intensity within 60 μm from VasES versus the baseline value as the average fluorescence intensity 340–400 μm away. e, Normalized NeuN intensity along VasES probes in the cortical resection versus NeuN intensity in the undamaged native tissue. This is calculated as the ratio of the average fluorescence intensity along the VasES versus the average fluorescence intensity in the undamaged native tissue. Error bar represents ±1 s.d.