Fig. 5: The gut-on-a-chip distinguishes faecal microbiota of non-responsive patients from faecal microbiota of responsive patients.
a, Representative fluorescence microscopy images and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) quantification of ZO-1 (green, at least 3 independent replicates per patient, P = 4.7 × 10−9 for CTR versus NR and P = 1.03 × 10–7 for R versus NR), β-catenin (BCat, magenta, at least 2 independent replicates per patient, P = 1.97 × 10−6 for CTR versus NR and P = 3.04 × 10−8 for R versus NR) and caspase-3 (Casp, yellow, at least 2 independent replicates per patient, P = 0.0215 for NR versus CTR, P = 0.0093 for R versus CTR) on untreated gut-on-a-chip (CTR) or after 24 h treatment with faeces (10 mg ml−1) from patients with melanoma R or NR to immunotherapy. Bars represent mean ± s.d., ordinary one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). b, Representative high-magnification fluorescence microscopy images (n > 15 in 6 independent experiments) of ZO-1 on untreated gut-on-a-chip (CTR) or after 24 h treatment with faeces (10 mg ml−1) from patients with melanoma R or NR to immunotherapy. c, Representative fluorescence microscopy images and MFI quantification of VE-cadherin (VECad, white, at least 2 independent replicates per patient, P = 0.0084 for R versus CTR, P = 7.38 × 10−6 for R versus NR) and ICAM-1 (red, at least 2 independent replicates per patient, P = 0.0006 for R versus CTR, P = 0.0008 for R versus NR) on endothelial cells in control chips (CTR) or after 24 h treatment with faeces as in a. Bars represent mean ± s.d., ordinary one-way ANOVA. *P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001; ****P ≤ 0.0001. d, Representative high-magnification fluorescence microscopy images (n = 7 in 3 independent experiments) of VE-cadherin (white) and ICAM-1 (red) on endothelial cells in control chips (CTR) or after 24 h treatment with faeces as in a.
