Fig. 7: Faecal microbiota from responsive patients and non-responsive patients elicit different inflammatory responses on-chip. | Nature Biomedical Engineering

Fig. 7: Faecal microbiota from responsive patients and non-responsive patients elicit different inflammatory responses on-chip.

From: A gut-on-a-chip incorporating human faecal samples and peristalsis predicts responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors for melanoma

Fig. 7: Faecal microbiota from responsive patients and non-responsive patients elicit different inflammatory responses on-chip.

a, Fluorescence microscopy images and quantification of ZO-1 (green, P = 4.99 × 10−6 for CTR versus NR and P = 2.19 × 10−5 for R versus NR) and ICAM-1 (red, P = 0.0034) in control chips (CTR) or after treatment with faecal supernatant from R or NR patients. At least 2 independent replicates per patient. b, TLR-4, JUN and TLR-5 expression (qPCR analysis) in CTR or epithelial cells treated with faeces or faecal supernatants from R or NR (TLR-4, P = 0.0051 for R versus CTR, P = 0.0034 for R-Sup versus CTR, P = 0.0058 for NR-Sup versus CTR; JUN, P = 0.0226; TLR-5, P = 0.0333 for R versus CTR, P = 0.0152 for NR versus CTR). At least 1 independent replicate per patient. c, Multiplex ELISA (Luminex) quantification of IL-6 (P = 0.0181 for R versus CTR, P = 0.001 for NR versus CTR, P = 0.0075 for R-Sup versus CTR, P = 1.07 × 10−8 for NR-Sup versus CTR), CXCL8 (P = 0.0019), VEGF (P = 0.0007 for NR-Sup versus CTR, P = 0.0078 for NR-Sup versus R-Sup) and IL-1β (P ≤ 0.01 for NR-Sup versus CTR, P ≤ 0.001 for NR-Sup versus R-Sup) released by CTR or epithelial cells treated with complete faecal material or faecal supernatants of R and NR patients. At least 2 independent replicates per patient. d, Normalized abundance (RPK) of bacterial flagellin-related gene terms in R and NR metagenomes (P = 0.00841). Whiskers equal to 1.5 times inter-quartile range, two-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Bars represent mean ± s.d., ordinary one-way ANOVA (a top and c), Kruskal–Wallis test (a bottom). *P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001; ****P ≤ 0.0001. RPK, reads per kilobase.

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