Fig. 3: Virus-induced epithelial and endothelial damage in the LOC, Mϕ-LOC and IC-LOC.
From: An immune-competent lung-on-a-chip for modelling the human severe influenza infection response
a, SEM of the epithelium in the LOC with and without severe influenza infection. Yellow arrows, cilia. Red arrows, mucus. b, Epithelial H1N1-mediated damage in the LOC, Mϕ-LOC and IC-LOC shown by irregularity in ZO-1 (yellow) staining, with H1N1 shown in cyan and AMs labelled with CellTrace Green (green). c, Quantification of epithelial barrier function via epithelial permeability assay with 10 kDa FITC-dextran. The graph shows FITC-dextran concentration in the airway channel after 2 h incubation, normalized to uninfected controls. N = 3 independent devices. d, Quantification of epithelial damage via LDH activity as determined via a colorimetric assay. Absorbance values shown normalized to uninfected controls. N = 8 independent devices. e, Representative images of the ECM in LOC, Mϕ-LOC and IC-LOC in severely infected and uninfected devices. Images show the vascular network (actin, yellow) and related ECM proteins (collagen, green; fibronectin, red). f, Quantification of the percent area covered by the vasculature in the LOC, Mϕ-LOC and IC-LOC. In addition, quantification of the collagen and fibronectin levels, as quantified by MFI, in each device in response to infection are also shown. N = 7 independent devices for vasculature analysis and N = 3 independent devices for collagen and fibronectin analysis. Scale bar for all images, 160 µm. All immune-competent devices use immune cell from the same immune cell donor. Statistics represent two-tailed unpaired t-tests, with P value shown on each graph. Data are presented as mean values ± s.d.
