Fig. 1: Characterization of gastric regionality in tissues and organoids.

a, Schematic of organoid derivation from gastric mucosal biopsies from paediatric patients. b, Immunofluorescence panel showing fundus, body and antrum paediatric stomach tissue sections stained for IRX3 (cyan), GAST (yellow), PDX1 (magenta) and nuclei (grey; Hoechst). Scale bars, 100 μm (top) and 50 μm (bottom). Red arrows indicate IRX3-positive nuclei within the glands. c–e, Brightfield images of a representative organoid line for the fundus (c), body (d) and antrum (e) regions, showing the formation of spherical organoids within 7 days, starting from single cells. Scale bars, 200 μm. f, Immunofluorescence panel showing integrin β4 (INT-β4; cyan); PDX1, GAST, MUC6 and LYZ (magenta); IRX3, GHRL, PGC and H+/K+ ATPase subunit β (yellow); and nuclei (grey; Hoechst) in fundus, body and antrum organoids. Scale bars, 20 μm. g,h, PCA of RNA-seq samples from fundus (blue), body (green) and antrum (red) tissue (g) and organoids (h) (n = 3; patient 1). Panel a created with BioRender.com.