Extended Data Fig. 2: Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices.
From: Potential and risks of hydrogen-based e-fuels in climate change mitigation
a, for e-methane (hydrogen shipped from Northwest Africa to northwestern European ports, based on fossil CCU) for 2020–25, 2030 and 2050, in comparison to European wholesale market natural gas prices for 2010–20. The + shows total costs. The box plots indicate uncertainties based on a sensitivity study (see S5). b, same as ‘a’, but for e-gasoline compared to wholesale gasoline prices. c, same as ‘a’, but for liquefied hydrogen compared to natural gas and d, to gasoline. Hydrogen is no perfect substitute to fossil fuels and thus requires additional costs for an end-use transformation, which are not reflected in the cost bars and fuel-switching CO2 prices.
