Extended Data Fig. 5: Correlation of z500 and northward heat flux with GRACE/GRACE-FO mass balances.

Correlation (lag zero) of each region’s annual mass balance anomaly obtained from GRACE/GRACE-FO with the JJA mean of the a, 500 hPa geopotential height (z500) and b, vertically integrated northward heat flux (nhf). Areas of significance lie within yellow dotted contours. The time window of 2004–2018 is identical to the analysis using SMB shown in Fig. 3.