Fig. 1: Influence of potential CO₂ fertilization, climate change and wildfire on carbon storage by tropical forest restoration (2020–2100).

The ‘default case’ without climate change and CO₂ fertilization, different climate change scenarios (SSPs) with unconstrained or limited CO₂ fertilization, and wildfire are shown. Each sample is based on the climate of one potential realization of an SSP scenario simulated by one of 13 CMIP6 models. Boxplots represent 25th, 50th and 75th quantiles, whiskers are the 5th and 95th quantiles, and individual points are outliers. Note the nonlinear y axis (0–20 Pg C). See Extended Data Fig. 2 for a spatial distribution of carbon gain under SSP2-45 CO2₂₀₁₄ and wildfire.