Fig. 1: Environmental change in ten Swiss lakes over the past five decades and its implications for plankton networks.
From: Disruption of ecological networks in lakes by climate change and nutrient fluctuations
a, Study sites belong to the same geographic region. Size and distance are to scale. b, Monthly phosphate concentrations (PO4) and water temperature averaged over the water column. Colours represent single lakes; black line is a smoothing average across lakes; dashed vertical lines indicate periods in the lakes’ histories (end of re-oligotrophication—circa year 2000, and increase in net lake warming—circa 2010). c, Conceptual model of a plankton network in temperate lakes. s, small single cell; l, large single cell; c, colonial (Methods). Non-trophic links encompass facilitation and competition. Trophic links represent predator–prey interactions. Hybrid links can be both trophic and non-trophic; for example, mixotrophic protists can prey on and/or compete with other phytoplankton species. Hybrid and trophic links go from the bottom to the top of the food web, that is, from a primary producer to a grazer (bottom-up, BU) or from top to bottom, that is, from a grazer to a primary producer (top-down, TD).
