Fig. 1: Simulated changes of Antarctic climate conditions in response to GHG emissions and solar climate intervention scenarios.

a, Antarctic surface air temperature anomalies for RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios as well as for the stratospheric aerosol injection scenarios SRM85-20, -40, -60 and SRM85-80 (dashed lines). SRM45 temperatures (year 2300 and beyond) are depicted by stars next to time series. b, Same as a but for circumantarctic (ice front) Southern Ocean subsurface (400–700 m) temperature anomalies. c, Antarctic ice-shelf surface mass-balance anomalies. Note the shift in the time axis at the year 2300 in all panels and the shift in y axis in panel c at –150 Gt. All values are relative to the historical period 1995–2014 and 20 yr running average. From year 2300 onwards, the forcing from 2270 to 2300 is continuously repeated.