Fig. 2: Long-term changes in EKE, energy spectrum and sea ice extent.
From: Eddy activity in the Arctic Ocean projected to surge in a warming world
a, Time series of mean EKE over the upper 200 m of the Arctic Ocean (pink), the Canada Basin (blue) and the Eurasian Basin (green) in the eddy-present simulation (solid lines) and in the three time-slice simulations with eddy-rich resolution (solid lines with circles; 2012–2015, 2052–2055 and 2092–2095). b, Change of surface EKE relative to the mean over 1985–2015 and normalized by the standard deviation of EKE in 1985–2015 from the eddy-present simulation (solid line) and eddy-rich simulations (solid lines with circles). c, Energy spectrum <E> of Arctic Ocean surface currents as a function of filtering wavenumber k in two periods of the eddy-rich simulations: 2012–2015 (cyan) and 2092–2095 (orange). d, Time series of annual mean, September and March sea ice extent in the Arctic Ocean in the eddy-present simulation (thick lines) and in observations (obs.) (thin lines, from the National Snow and Ice Data Center). The standard errors estimated for the observed annual, September and March sea ice extent are 0.012, 0.017 and 0.010 million km2, respectively. e, Indication of analysed regions with bathymetry as the background: Arctic Ocean (pink), Canada Basin (blue) and Eurasian Basin (green). The white dashed line indicates the 500-metre isobath, which sets the southern boundary of the two deep basins.
