Abstract
The planned Special Report on Climate Change and Cities represents a key opportunity to connect the IPCC assessment process to the topics of cities and global urbanization, which are both critical elements of climate adaptation and mitigation during the current ‘decade of action’. To help seize this opportunity, we recommend the development of inreach and outreach strategies that can help the report to have greater impact. The new strategies could allow interest groups, including practitioners and policymakers, along with researchers and IPCC representatives to be more coordinated and enhance the utilization of the assessment results. These advances would be useful not only for the upcoming Special Report but also for future IPCC reports and other comparable scientific assessments.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals
Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription
$32.99 / 30 days
cancel any time
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to the full article PDF.
USD 39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others
References
IPCC Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (eds Pörtner, H.-O. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2022).
IPCC Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change (eds Shukla, P. R. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2022).
Bai, X. Make the upcoming IPCC Cities Special Report count. Science 382, eadl1522 (2023).
IPCC Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report (eds Core Writing Team, Lee, H. & Romero, J.) (IPCC, 2023).
IPBES Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES Secretariat, 2019).
Espey, J., Keith, M., Parnell, S., Schwanen, T. & Seto, K. C. Designing policy for Earth’s urban future. Science 383, 364–367 (2024).
Keith, M. et al. A new urban narrative for sustainable development. Nat. Sustain 6, 115–117 (2023).
Lobo, J. et al. Integration of urban science and urban climate adaptation research: opportunities to advance climate action. npj Urban Sustain. 3, 32 (2023).
De-Gol, A. J., Le Quéré, C., Smith, A. J. P. & Aubin Le Quéré, M. Broadening scientific engagement and inclusivity in IPCC reports through collaborative technology platforms. npj Clim. Action 2, 49 (2023).
Dudman, K. & de Wit, S. An IPCC that listens: introducing reciprocity to climate change communication. Climatic Change 168, 2 (2021).
Tangney, P. Understanding climate change as risk: a review of IPCC guidance for decision-making. J. Risk Res. 23, 1424–1439 (2020).
Borie, M., Mahony, M., Obermeister, N. & Hulme, M. Knowing like a global expert organization: comparative insights from the IPCC and IPBES. Glob. Environ. Change 68, 102261 (2021).
Gay-Antaki, M. & Liverman, D. Climate for women in climate science: women scientists and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 2060–2065 (2018).
Hughes, H. R. & Paterson, M. Narrowing the climate field: the symbolic power of authors in the IPCC’s assessment of mitigation. Rev. Policy Res. 34, 744–766 (2017).
Palutikof, J. P. et al. Enhancing the review process in global environmental assessments: the case of the IPCC. Environ. Sci. Policy 139, 118–129 (2023).
Yamineva, Y. Lessons from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change on inclusiveness across geographies and stakeholders. Environ. Sci. Policy 77, 244–251 (2017).
Lucas, A. Risking the Earth part 2: power politics and structural reform of the IPCC and UNFCCC. Clim. Risk Manag. 31, 100260 (2021).
Livingston, J. E. & Rummukainen, M. Taking science by surprise: the knowledge politics of the IPCC Special Report on 1.5 degrees. Environ. Sci. Policy 112, 10–16 (2020).
Hermansen, E. A. T., Boasson, E. L. & Peters, G. P. Climate action post-Paris: how can the IPCC stay relevant? npj Clim. Action 2, 30 (2023).
Glavovic, B. C., Smith, T. F. & White, I. The tragedy of climate change science. Clim. Dev. 14, 829–833 (2022).
Turnhout, E. & Lahsen, M. Transforming environmental research to avoid tragedy. Clim. Dev. 14, 834–838 (2022).
Acuto, M. Give cities a seat at the top table. Nature 537, 611–613 (2016).
Dobbs, R. et al. Urban World: Mapping the Economic Power of Cities (McKinsey Global Institute, 2011); https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/urbanization/urban-world-mapping-the-economic-power-of-cities
Daniere, A. G. & Garschagen, M. (eds) Urban Climate Resilience in Southeast Asia (Springer, 2019).
Birkmann, J., Welle, T., Solecki, W., Lwasa, S. & Garschagen, M. Boost resilience of small and mid-sized cities. Nature 537, 605–608 (2016).
Rumbach, A. Decentralization and small cities: towards more effective urban disaster governance? Habitat Int. 52, 35–42 (2016).
Dodman, D. et al. in Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability (eds Pörtner, H.-O. et al.) Ch. 6 (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2022).
Lwasa, S. et al. in Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change (eds Shukla, P. R. et al.) Ch. 8 (IPCC, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2022).
Rosenzweig, C. et al. (eds) Second Assessment of Research on Climate Change in Cities (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2018).
Hunter, N. et al. Cities and climate change science after Edmonton: knowledge, people, and organisations’ influence and outreach. Curr. Res. Environ. Sustain. 6, 100231 (2023).
Huxley, R. et al. A research agenda for transformative urban climate action. J. City Clim. Policy Econ. 1, 13–31 (2022).
Revi, A. et al. The Summary for Urban Policymakers of the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report (Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2022).
Solecki, W., Delgado Ramos, G. C., Roberts, D., Rosenzweig, C. & Walsh, B. Accelerating climate research and action in cities through advanced science–policy–practice partnerships. npj Urban Sustain. 1, 3 (2021).
Walsh, B. et al. Findings from Innovate4Cities 2021 and Update to the Global Research and Action Agenda (Univ. Melbourne, 2022); https://figshare.unimelb.edu.au/articles/report/Findings_from_Innovate4Cities_2021_and_Update_to_the_Global_Research_and_Action_Agenda/19624029/3
Noy, I. Economists are not engaged enough with the IPCC. npj Clim. Action. 2, 33 (2023).
Fuso Nerini, F. et al. Connecting climate action with other Sustainable Development Goals. Nat. Sustain. 2, 674–680 (2019).
Solecki, W. Cities and Environmental Change: From Crisis to Transformation (Cambridge Univ. Press, in the press).
Hofstad, H., Millstein, M., Tønnesen, A., Vedeld, T. & Hansen, K. B. The role of goal-setting in urban climate governance. Earth Syst. Gov. 7, 100088 (2021).
Masson-Delmot, V. et al. (eds) IPCC Workshop on the Use of Scenarios in the Sixth Assessment Report and Subsequent Assessments: Workshop Report (IPCC Working Group III Technical Support Unit, Imperial College London, 2023).
Lahn, B. Changing climate change: the carbon budget and the modifying-work of the IPCC. Soc. Stud. Sci. 51, 3–27 (2021).
Mechler, R. et al. Loss and damage and limits to adaptation: recent IPCC insights and implications for climate science and policy. Sustain. Sci. 15, 1245–1251 (2020).
Vasileiadou, E., Heimeriks, G. & Petersen, A. C. Exploring the impact of the IPCC Assessment Reports on science. Environ. Sci. Policy 14, 1052–1061 (2011).
Hincks, S., Carter, J. & Connelly, A. A new typology of climate change risk for European cities and regions: principles and applications. Glob. Environ. Change 83, 102767 (2023).
Hurlimann, A. C., Moosavi, S. & Browne, G. R. Climate change transformation: a definition and typology to guide decision making in urban environments. Sustain. Cities Soc. 70, 102890 (2021).
Solecki, W. et al. A conceptual framework for an urban areas typology to integrate climate change mitigation and adaptation. Urban Clim. 14, 116–137 (2015).
Carmona, R. et al. Analysing engagement with Indigenous peoples in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Sixth Assessment Report. npj Clim. Action 2, 29 (2023).
Chakraborty, R. & Sherpa, P. Y. From climate adaptation to climate justice: critical reflections on the IPCC and Himalayan climate knowledges. Climatic Change 167, 49 (2021).
Belfer, E., Ford, J. D., Maillet, M., Araos, M. & Flynn, M. Pursuing an Indigenous platform: exploring opportunities and constraints for Indigenous participation in the UNFCCC. Glob. Environ. Politics 19, 12–33 (2019).
Goldman, M. J., Turner, M. D. & Daly, M. A critical political ecology of human dimensions of climate change: epistemology, ontology, and ethics. WIREs Clim. Change 9, e526 (2018).
López, S., Jung, J.-K. & López, M. F. A hybrid-epistemological approach to climate change research: linking scientific and smallholder knowledge systems in the Ecuadorian Andes. Anthropocene 17, 30–45 (2017).
Reyes-García, V., Fernández-Llamazares, Á., García-del-Amo, D. & Cabeza, M. in Changing Climate, Changing Worlds: Local Knowledge and the Challenges of Social and Ecological Change (eds Welch-Devine, M. et al.) 183–197 (Springer, 2020).
Corburn, J. Bringing local knowledge into environmental decision making: improving urban planning for communities at risk. J. Plan. Educ. Res. 22, 420–433 (2003).
Gustafsson, K. M. & Lidskog, R. Boundary organizations and environmental governance: performance, institutional design, and conceptual development. Clim. Risk Manag. 19, 1–11 (2018).
Lee, E., Jung, C. S. & Lee, M.-K. The potential role of boundary organizations in the climate regime. Environ. Sci. Policy 36, 24–36 (2014).
Gustafsson, K. M. Expert organizations’ institutional understanding of expertise and responsibility for the creation of the next generation of experts: comparing IPCC and IPBES. Ecosyst. People 17, 47–56 (2021).
Beck, S. & Mahony, M. The IPCC and the new map of science and politics. WIREs Clim. Change 9, e547 (2018).
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (eds Pörtner, H.-O. et al.) (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2019).
Taylor, A. et al. Operationalising climate-resilient development pathways in the Global South. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 64, 101328 (2023).
Enseñado, E. M. & Heemann, J. in Strategies for Urban Network Learning (ed. van den Dool, L.) 255–280 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020).
Haupt, W., Chelleri, L., van Herk, S. & Zevenbergen, C. City-to-city learning within climate city networks: definition, significance, and challenges from a global perspective. Int. J. Urban Sustain. Dev. 12, 143–159 (2020).
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to M. Garschagen, LMU University Munich, for providing comments on earlier draft of this paper. Additional special thanks to C. Overton, City University of New York, for editorial work on the paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
W.S., D.R. and K.C.S. contributed equally to this paper.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
W.S. is a co-founder and co-leader of the Urban Climate Change Research Network. D.R. is an advisor to the United Cities and Local Governments. K.C.S. declares no competing interests.
Peer review
Peer review information
Nature Climate Change thanks Aditya Bahadur, Danny Marks and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Solecki, W., Roberts, D. & Seto, K.C. Strategies to improve the impact of the IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Cities. Nat. Clim. Chang. 14, 685–691 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02060-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Version of record:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02060-9
This article is cited by
-
Harnessing Genetic Innovations for Climate-Resilient and High-Yield Crops: A Pathway to Sustainable Agriculture
Plant and Soil (2026)
-
Text-based modeling reveals the sector-specific benefits of emerging technologies for extreme flood adaptation
Communications Earth & Environment (2025)
-
Species richness prediction and priority conservation planning for rare Michelia species in China
Scientific Reports (2025)
-
Achieving carbon-neutral economies through circular economy, digitalization, and energy transition
Scientific Reports (2025)
-
Spatio-temporal drought monitoring in the Megech–Dirma watershed, Ethiopia, using Google Earth engine
Scientific Reports (2025)


